越南

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Undocumented Hmong and Montagnard people
• Hmong Christians, due to strong social stigma against Christians
• People in the Central Highlands, due to the remote location and distance from schools
• People in the Southwestern Region, especially Khmer Krom people
• Indigenous people, especially children
• Orphans
• Members of the LGBTQIA+ community, due to strong social stigma and discrimination in the school environment leading to harm and dropping out early

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• All people, due to substandard quality food
• Indigenous people, especially children
• People in the Central Highlands, especially undocumented Hmong people, due to the remote location and distance from markets
• Children from ethnic minorities have very high rates of stunting
• Most children suffer from a zinc deficiency, especially in the Northern Mountainous and Central Highlands
• Veterans with disabilities from the former Republic of Vietnam
• People in prisons, due to inadequate food hygiene standards and polluted water

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Many hospitals lack sufficient and adequate equipment for surgery and intensive care
• There is a shortage of doctors and nurses due to low wages and high stress conditions
• The majority of the population relies on public hospitals
• All people, due to high costs, overcrowded hospitals, and underfunding in the health sector
• Undocumented Hmong and Montagnard people
• People in the Central Highlands, due to the remote location and distance from hospitals
• Indigenous people, especially children
• Most children suffer from a zinc deficiency, especially in the Northern Mountainous and Central Highlands
• There are high levels of stunted and malnourished children, especially children from ethnic minorities
• Independent journalist Le Huu Tuan was denied healthcare in prison, leading to serious deteriorations in health
• Prisoner of conscience Hoang Binh was denied healthcare and medication in prison
• People in prisons are denied appropriate healthcare and provided with inadequate treatment
• Transgender people, due to a lack of gender affirming medical services and fear of persecution

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Housing construction is substandard
• Living spaces are overcrowded
• People in the Central Highlands and Northwestern Mountainous regions
• Indigenous people
• People with disabilities, due to a lack of accommodated and accessible housing
• People with disabilities are denied land inheritance because they are deemed incompetent
• Victims of land grabbing
• Veterans from the former Republic of Vietnam

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Montagnard Christians
• Cham, Hmong, and Khmer people
• Hmong Christians
• Khmer Krom Buddhists
• People from the Central Highlands region
• Political activists, especially those advocating for freedom of religion, expression, or assembly
• LGBTQIA+ political activists
• Secret police arrest political dissidents abroad
• Prominent writer Đoàn Bảo Châu entered hiding in June 2024 to avoid arrest and prosecution for posting videos online about issues such as human rights
• Labour activists and union members
• Members of non-governmental organisations
• Lawyers
• The government uses vague laws to justify arresting political opposition and human rights defenders, such as sections 331 and 117 of the Penal Code

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to disappearance by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Montagnard Christians
• Cham, Hmong, and Khmer people
• Political activists, especially those advocating for freedom of religion, expression, or assembly
• Political dissidents, due to kidnappings by secret police 

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to death penalty executions by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Death penalty executions are frequent
• Cham, Hmong, and Khmer people

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial killing by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Montagnard Christians
• Cham, Hmong, and Khmer people
• Political activists, especially those advocating for religious freedom
• Labour activists and union members
• People suspected of committing crimes

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to assembly and association by the government or its agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Police are authorised to arrest people who participate in public demonstrations
• Members of the Brotherhood for Democracy
• Independent labour unions and lawyer’s unions
• Non-governmental and civil society organisations, due to shrinking civic space
• Members of the Việt Tân
• Religious communities and organisations which are not controlled or organised by the state

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to opinion and expression by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Speech critical of the government or the Communist Party of Vietnam is punishable by law with up to seven years in prison
• Anyone who expresses support for pluralism, new political parties, or democracy is suppressed
• Political dissidents who criticise government policies
• The government arbitrarily arrests political dissenters to deter future dissent
• Independent journalists
• Former prisoners of conscience
• Members of the Việt Tân
• Religious communities and organisations which are not controlled or organised by the state
• Prominent writer Đoàn Bảo Châu entered hiding in June 2024 to avoid arrest and prosecution for posting videos online about issues such as human rights

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their political participation by the government or its agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• There are no free or fair elections, due to Vietnam being a one-party state
• Political dissidents who criticise government policies or communism
• Members of political opposition parties, especially candidates, due to the Communist of Vietnam party being the only state-sanctioned party
• Members of the Việt Tân
• Former prisoners of conscience
• Religious communities and organisations which are not controlled or organised by the state