Malasia
¿En qué medida está Malasia respetando los derechos humanos de las personas?
Utilice las pestañas a continuación para explorar las puntuaciones.
Malasia en un vistazo
Calidad de vida
Derechos económicos y sociales
(2021)
Puntaje general
78,4%
¿Qué tal le va a Malasia en comparación con lo que es posible a su nivel de ingresos?
Derecho a
0
% alcanzado de referencia de ingreso ajustado
Puntaje de HRMI
100%
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Integridad Física
Derechos civiles y políticos
(2023)
Puntaje general
5,8
¿Hasta qué nivel el gobierno de Malasia está respetando cada derecho?
Derecho a la libertad de
0
Puntaje
10
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Empoderamiento
Derechos civiles y políticos
(2023)
Puntaje general
4,8
¿Hasta qué nivel el gobierno de Malasia está respetando cada derecho?
Derecho a
0
Puntaje
10
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Calidad de vida
Malasia obtiene un 78,4% en Calidad de vida cuando se mide de acuerdo con la referencia "Ingreso ajustado".
Comparado con los otros países en Asia Oriental, Malasia se está desempeñando peor que la media para los derechos para la calidad de vida(esta comparación se calcula utilizando la referencia "Ingreso ajustado").
Para cambiar el parámetro de referencia de desempeño o el estándar de evaluación, haga clic en "Cambiar de vista" arriba
Integridad Física
El puntaje de 5,8 sobre 10 de Malasia en la categoría de Integridad Física sugiere quemuchas personas no están a salvo de uno o más de los siguientes derechos: arrestos arbitrarios, torturas y malos tratos, desapariciones forzadas, ejecuciones o penas capitales extrajudiciales.
Para derechos civiles y políticos, no tenemos datos suficientes de países en Asia Oriental que permitan hacer una comparación regional. Sin embargo, si comparamos con los otros países de nuestra muestra, Malasia se está desempeñando cercano a la media cuanto al derecho a tener Integridad Física.
Empoderamiento
El puntaje de 4,8 sobre 10 de Malasia en la categoría de Empoderamiento sugiere quemuchas personas no disfrutan de sus libertades civiles y políticas (libertad de expresión, de reunión y asociación, y derechos democráticos).
Para derechos civiles y políticos, no tenemos datos suficientes de países en Asia Oriental que permitan hacer una comparación regional. Sin embargo, si comparamos con los otros países de nuestra muestra, Malasia se está desempeñando cercano a la media en derechos de empoderamiento.
Calidad de vida - resumen
(2021)
¿Qué tal le va a Malasia en comparación con lo que es posible a su nivel de ingresos?
Puntaje general
0
% alcanzado de referencia de ingreso ajustado
Puntaje de HRMI
100%
Derecho a
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Los derechos relacionados con Calidad de vida (o "derechos económicos y sociales") incluyen los derechos a la alimentación, la salud, la educación, la vivienda y el trabajo. HRMI presenta dos calificaciones para medir dos parámetros de referencia de desempeño.
Malasia obtiene un 78,4% en Calidad de vida cuando se mide de acuerdo con la referencia "Ingreso ajustado".Esta puntuación tiene en cuenta los recursos de Malasia y cómo los utiliza para asegurar que los derechos relacionados con Calidad de vida se cumplan.
Esta puntuación nos indica que Malasia solo ha obtenido un 78,4% de lo que le es posible en estos momentos con los recursos con los que cuenta. Dado que cualquier porcentaje inferior al 100% indica que un país no cumple con su obligación ajustado según los ingresos conforme a la legislación internacional de derechos humanos, nuestra evaluación es que Malasiatiene mucho por hacerpara cumplir con sus obligaciones de derechos económicos y sociales ajustados por ingresos.
Si queremos medir en contraste con la referencia "Mejor global" y comparamos Malasia con el países del mundo que tienen los mejores rendimientos, la puntuación de Malasia es del 77,6%, lo que indica que tiene mucho por hacerpara cumplir con los "Mejor global" estándares mundiales de la actualidad que aseguran que todas las personas tienen la alimentación, educación, salud, vivienda y trabajo adecuados.
Comparado con los otros países en Asia Oriental, Malasia se está desempeñando peor que la media para los derechos para la calidad de vida(esta comparación se calcula utilizando la referencia "Ingreso ajustado").
Para cambiar el parámetro de referencia de desempeño o el estándar de evaluación, haga clic en "Cambiar de vista" arriba
Calidad de vida - detalles completos
¿Cómo es el desempeño de Malasia en cuanto al indicador que utilizamos para
?Derecho a
0
% alcanzado de referencia de ingreso ajustado
Puntaje de HRMI
100%
Derecho a
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Por género
¿Cómo es el desempeño de Malasia en cuanto al género
?Por género
0
% alcanzado de referencia de ingreso ajustado
Puntaje de HRMI
100%
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Con el paso del tiempo
¿Cómo es el desempeño de Malasia con el paso del tiempo
?Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo
(2023)
¿Qué personas de Malasia han considerado los expertos en derechos humanos que están en alto riesgo de que se violen sus derechos
?Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Lo sentimos. Esta información no se encuentra disponible en su idioma
When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:
- Transgender people, especially young people, are more likely to drop out of school
- LGBTQIA+ youth experiencing homelessness
- Refugees and asylum seekers are not recognised by the government and are often denied their right to education
Integridad Física - resumen
(2023)
¿Hasta qué nivel el gobierno de Malasia está respetando cada derecho?
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Derecho a la libertad de
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
El puntaje de 5,8 sobre 10 de Malasia en la categoría de Integridad Física sugiere quemuchas personas no están a salvo de uno o más de los siguientes derechos: arrestos arbitrarios, torturas y malos tratos, desapariciones forzadas, ejecuciones o penas capitales extrajudiciales.
Para derechos civiles y políticos, no tenemos datos suficientes de países en Asia Oriental que permitan hacer una comparación regional. Sin embargo, si comparamos con los otros países de nuestra muestra, Malasia se está desempeñando cercano a la media cuanto al derecho a tener Integridad Física.
Con el paso del tiempo
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo
(2023)
¿Qué personas de Malasia han considerado los expertos en derechos humanos que están en alto riesgo de que se violen sus derechos
?Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Lo sentimos. Esta información no se encuentra disponible en su idioma
When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:
- Indigenous people advocating for the environment and their ancestral land rights, and peacefully protesting against logging on customary land
- Laws like the Communication and Multimedia Act 1998, the Sedition Act 1948, and the Security Offences Act 2012 are used to arbitrarily arrest protesters and migrant workers
- Migrant workers protesting and advocating for better working conditions
- Migrants risk indefinite detention
- Anyone entering the country irregularly, including victims of trafficking, asylum seekers, refugees, and undocumented migrants, can be charged with a criminal offence
- Malaysian Indians are racially profiled and are at increased risk of arbitrary arrest
- Asylum seekers and refugees are denied legal status and detained; there are reports of over 10,000 people being held in immigration detention centres, including more than 1,000 children
- Asylum seekers and refugees face overcrowding, unhygienic conditions, as well as physical and psychological abuse in immigration detention centres, without judicial oversight
- Asylum seekers and refugees are at increased risk of arbitrary arrest because Malaysia is not a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention
- LGBTQIA+ people can face severe legal penalties, including up to 20 years in prison and corporal punishment, under the Penal Code and Sharia law
- 171 Bangladeshi workers were arrested for peacefully protesting their employer, who had deceived them into coming to Malaysia with false promises of employment
- The government uses repressive laws to arbitrarily arrest those who protest and silence dissent, particularly the Communication and Multimedia Act 1998, which is ambiguously worded, prone to abuse and often arbitrarily applied
- Police investigated the organisers of a peaceful protest held in conjunction with International Labour Day; there were reports of surveillance of protesters during the march
- Student activist Wong Yan Ke was charged under the penal code for raising a placard during his graduation ceremony and protesting the racist remarks made by the Vice Chancellor at a separate event
- In Kanthan, Perak, land rights activists were arrested and physically assaulted while trying to block a forced eviction by the Perak state government
- Pakistani journalist Syed Fawad Ali Shah was deported and disappeared, despite living in exile in Malaysia with legal refugee status; he was later found to be held in detention in a Peshawar prison on unsubstantiated charges
Empoderamiento - resumen
(2023)
¿Hasta qué nivel el gobierno de Malasia está respetando cada derecho?
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Derecho a
Muy malo
Malo
Regular
Bueno
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
El puntaje de 4,8 sobre 10 de Malasia en la categoría de Empoderamiento sugiere quemuchas personas no disfrutan de sus libertades civiles y políticas (libertad de expresión, de reunión y asociación, y derechos democráticos).
Para derechos civiles y políticos, no tenemos datos suficientes de países en Asia Oriental que permitan hacer una comparación regional. Sin embargo, si comparamos con los otros países de nuestra muestra, Malasia se está desempeñando cercano a la media en derechos de empoderamiento.
Con el paso del tiempo
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo
(2023)
¿Qué personas de Malasia han considerado los expertos en derechos humanos que están en alto riesgo de que se violen sus derechos
?Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Lo sentimos. Esta información no se encuentra disponible en su idioma
When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to assembly and association by the government or its agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:
- Indigenous people have specific provisions in the Constitution but full access to their legal and human rights are often denied in practice
- People who identify as non-Muslim or a non-Sunni sect of Islam face legal and social repercussions when advocating for their rights
- People of Indian descent, particularly in Peninsular Malaysia
- People living outside of Peninsular Malaysia, particularly Sabah and Sarawak
- Journalists reporting on human rights issues
- Non-violent protesters advocating for women's rights
- Youth experiencing homelessness
- Women and girls face restrictions on their bodily autonomy, including those imposed by Sharia law
¿Qué personas corren más riesgo?
Pedimos a los expertos en derechos humanos que eligieran de una lista de opciones por las cuales las personas estaban particularmente en riesgo de que se violara este derecho. Las imágenes a continuación muestran sus respuestas.
Resaltar
en las nubes de palabras a continuación.Calidad de vida
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho a la educación
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho a la alimentación
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho a la salud
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho a la vivienda
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho al trabajo
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Integridad Física
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho a no ser detenido arbitrariamente
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
Derecho a no sufrir una desaparición forzada
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
Derecho a no ser ejecutado por pena de muerte
Los expertos encuestados no seleccionaron ningún grupo de personas para este derecho.
Personas en situación de riesgo por
Derecho a ser protegido contra las ejecuciones extrajudiciales
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho a no ser sometido a torturas y malos tratos
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Empoderamiento
Personas en situación de riesgo por
Derecho a la reunión y asociación
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
El derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
Derecho a la participación política
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Personas en situación de riesgo por
Derecho a la libertad de religión y creencias
(2023)
Interpretación: Texto más grande = más expertos en derechos humanos identificaron a este grupo como en riesgo.
Fuente: HRMI 2024 rightstracker.org/es
Behind the numbers
Lo sentimos. Parte de la información de esta página no está disponible en su idioma.
Quality of Life
Under the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, which China has signed, all countries agree to devote their maximum available resources to making things progressively better for their people in these areas.
HRMI has calculated what China could be achieving at its current level of income. The scores are given as a percentage of that realistic potential achievement. China’s best scores are for the right to health, where it is achieving 98.1% of what we calculate should be possible, and for the right to work (97.2%). For these rights, China is doing nearly as well as it possibly can, given its level of income. China could still afford to make some gains now, but then would need to increase its income to make further improvements.
Of the five quality of life rights we measure, China needs to improve the most in the right to quality education, where it scores 61.4%, which falls in the ‘very bad’ range. Among 17 East Asian countries, this score puts China in the bottom half for quality education, just below Mongolia and Myanmar, and just above Malaysia and Thailand.
Right to quality education in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje
0
% alcanzado de referencia de ingreso ajustado
Puntaje de HRMI
100%
China’s other lower score is for the right to housing, where it is currently achieving only 92.3% of what we calculate should be possible at its level of income.
We further break the right to housing down into scores for the right to sanitation and the right to water.
With a GDP per capita of US$12,720 we calculate that China has the resources to ensure all of its people have running water and toilets in their homes.
However, China’s right to sanitation score of 89.5% shows that many people are missing out, even though China could afford to do better. If China efficiently used its available resources, it could achieve a score of 100%, which would mean that 79 million additional people living in China would gain access to basic sanitation in their homes.
If China improved its performance for the right to water from 95.2% to 100%, 51 million more people would have water on their premises.
The good news is that China’s scores for the right to housing have been steadily improving since 2001, when the nation scored 68.6%. The progress from 2020 to 2021 suggests around 23 million people gained access to basic sanitation over that period, and around 15 million people gained access to water in their homes. China’s scores for the right to water are rising more quickly than those for the right to sanitation.
When it comes to the right to food, if China lifted its score to 100%, around 1.9 million more children under five years old would have enough nutritious food to grow well – that would mean all children in China under five would have enough nutritious food to grow well. This is an achievable goal.
With a current score of 96.4%, China has improved a little in respecting people’s right to food over the last 20 years, with its score increasing from 86% in 2000.
On the right to work, China’s score has climbed strongly up to 97.2% in 2020 from 34.6% in 2000, meaning many fewer people have been living in absolute poverty over the last two decades, and bringing it into the 'good' band of scores. Still, the latest score means 28 million Chinese are unnecessarily living in absolute poverty (living on less than $3.65 per day, measured in 2017 PPP$), so significant improvement is still possible and necessary.
China comes in second in the world in ensuring people’s right to health is fulfilled, with a score of 98.1%, when using the low and middle income assessment standard (when using the high income standard, China still comes in fifth in the world, when taking countries' income into account). For countries doing this well with their current level of income, an increase of income will be necessary to make significant further improvements. This is the right where China is most constrained by resources – for all of the other rights we measure, China should already be able to do nearly as well as any country in the world, at its current level of income.
However, for the right to health, expert respondents noted inequities in access to healthcare, including regional differences, and differences in access according to wealth and political influence.
People at risk
While China has room for improvement in all the rights we measure, a further consideration is inequity. There are several groups of people who experts identified as being at higher risk of missing out. These include:
-
People with lower social or economic status
-
People from ethnic minorities, including Tibetans, Uyghurs, Mongolians, and Kazakhs
-
Human rights advocates, protestors, and anyone who criticises the government
-
People living in rural areas, particularly older people, and women
-
Single parent families
-
People who are homeless, including street children and homeless youth
-
Disabled people
-
Detainees
-
People from religious minorities, particularly those practising Christianity, Islam, or Falun Gong, or other unregistered religions
-
Internally displaced people
See thepeople at risk tabon the Rights Tracker for the full lists. The data also show a strong connection between political activity, especially criticism of the government, and lack of enjoyment of economic and social rights.
Room for improvement
All our Quality of Life scores show that China could make significant improvements to its people’s lives, even without more resources.
If China were using its resources more efficiently to ensure its people’s wellbeing, it could achieve 100% for all the rights we measure. Yet, while its best score is close to that mark — 98.1% on the right to health — its worst score — 61.4% on the right to quality education — is far from that level.
If China better upheld its rights obligations, and achieved a full 100% score on all the rights we measure, we would see millions more Chinese people living lives of dignity, even without income growth. For example, if China reached 100% we would see the following number of extra people benefitting:
-
If China were to operate at its full potential given its current resources, we would expect an additional 1.9 million children under five to grow well and not be stunted.
-
If China were operating at best practice, each year we would expect an extra 33,200 newborn babies to survive until their fifth birthday.
-
If China were to operate at its full potential given its current resources, we would expect an additional 156,000 newborns to be born at a healthy birth weight.
-
If China were reaching its full potential, given its income constraints, an extra 451,000 15-year-olds could eventually reach the age of 60.
-
If China used its resources efficiently, an additional 79 million people could have a toilet at home, and an extra 51 million people could have access to water in their homes.
-
If China were operating at its full potential given its current resources, it could lift 28 million people out of absolute poverty.
Lo sentimos. Parte de la información de esta página no está disponible en su idioma.
Safety from the State
China scores 2.6 out of 10 for our overall Safety from the State category, telling us that many people are at risk of arbitrary or political arrest or detention, torture and ill-treatment, forced disappearance, execution, or extrajudicial killing. This is the lowest score in our sample of 30 countries.
China’s worst score in this category is 1.0 out of 10 for freedom from the death penalty, the lowest score among all the countries we measure.
The human rights experts we surveyed said that women who kill their husbands in self-defense due to domestic violence may face the death penalty.
Respondents overwhelmingly agreed that human rights advocates, protesters, and people who criticised the government were at particular risk of rights violations, especially arbitrary arrest and detention, forced disappearance, and torture and ill-treatment. Respondents particularly noted risks to political dissidents, detainees, and participants of the New Citizens Movement.
People who protest or engage in non-violent political activity were at extra risk for all five Safety from the State rights.
Other vulnerable groups include:
-
People from ethnic minorities, including Tibetans, Uyghurs, Mongolians, and Kazakhs
-
Detainees and those accused of crimes
-
People from religious minorities, particularly those practising Falun Gong, Christianity, or Islam
-
Internally displaced people
Among other East and Southeast Asian countries and territories where we measure these rights, China has the lowest scores for all five Safety from the State rights.
Right to Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Detention in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Right to Freedom from Forced Disappearance in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Right to Freedom from Death Penalty in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Right to Freedom from Extrajudicial Execution in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Right to Freedom from Torture and Ill-treatment in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Lo sentimos. Parte de la información de esta página no está disponible en su idioma.
Empowerment
The Chinese government limits civil liberties and political freedom, with China scoring a very low 1.9 out of 10 in empowerment rights. This is the second lowest score in our sample of 30 countries.
For the rights to assembly and association, opinion and expression, participation in government, and freedom of religion and belief all of China’s scores fall into the ‘very bad’ range. For all four rights, the human rights experts we surveyed agreed overwhelmingly that ‘all people’ were at risk of violations of these rights.
When it comes to the right to assembly and association, China scores 2.3 out of 10, and human rights experts identified a wide range of people not enjoying their rights, including human rights advocates, protesters, and people criticising or opposing the government, as well as those from ethnic and religious minorities. They also noted that people from religious minorities cannot freely gather, and that even small social gatherings in homes have been broken up by authorities.
China’s score for the right to opinion and expression is a very low 2.4 out of 10, with no improvement over the four years we have measured this right. Respondents noted that press freedom does not exist, and expressing a different opinion from the majority can lead to a range of punishments and reprisals.
China also scores in the ‘very bad’ range for the right to participate in government, with a score of 2.8 out of 10. Respondents noted that political organisations are monitored and under government control, and people who participated in the White Paper Protests are restricted from political participation.
For the right to freedom of religion and belief, China scored 2.5. Respondents noted that the government restricts all religious practices, and is particularly repressive towards people following unregistered minority religions such as Christians, Uyghur Muslims, and people who attend house churches.
Groups that are particularly vulnerable to empowerment rights violations include:
-
Human rights advocates, protesters, and anyone who criticises the government
-
People from ethnic minorities, including Tibetans, Uyghurs, Mongolians, and Kazakhs
-
Detainees and those accused of crimes
-
People from religious minorities, particularly those practising Falun Gong or other unregistered religions, Christianity, or Islam
-
Internally displaced people
Right to Assembly and Association in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Right to Opinion and Expression in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Right to Participate in Government in East and Southeast Asia
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Derecho a la libertad de religión y creencias en Asia Oriental
Puntaje general
0
Puntaje
10
Detalles del país
Población
33,9m (2022)
PIB per cápita
$11.993 (2022)
Dólares estadounidenses actuales
$28.384 (2022)
2017 PPA dólares