India

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Students, especially from tribal areas and denotified tribes
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women and girls
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• There are reports of attacks on madrasas (Muslim religious school) in some parts of the country
• Muslim children are discriminated against in schools for wearing hijab
• People living in rural and remote areas, especially women and girls from conservative backgrounds
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• People living in relief centres with no help from the government
• People affected by riots
• School dropout rates for girls remain high
• Education institutions and curricula are not inclusive or compatible for people with disabilities, especially in rural areas
• Large poverty rates persist despite government’s claims, adversely affecting the right to education

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 74% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 68% said Scheduled Castes
• 32% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 71% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 50% said Muslims
• 29% said Christians
• 11% said Hindus
• 9% said Sikhs
• 9% said Buddhists
• 3% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women and girls
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• People living in rural and remote areas, especially women and girls from conservative backgrounds
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• People affected by riots
• People living in relief centres with no help from the government
• Women, young girls and children, especially those from marginalised communities, suffer from nutritious deficiencies, malnutrition and chronic anaemia

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 71% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 68% said Scheduled Castes
• 26% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 65% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 41% said Muslims
• 29% said Christians
• 12% said Hindus
• 6% said Sikhs
• 6% said Buddhists
• 3% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Students, especially from tribal areas and denotified tribes
• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• People from Dalit communities are still made to engage in manual scavenging, the act of manually cleaning toilets, sewers, and septic tanks, despite it being banned in India and having significant negative health impacts, occasionally leading to deaths
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• There are reports that academics arrested during the anti-Citizenship Amendment Bill protests were denied basic healthcare and amenities while in detention
• Women and girls, especially from conservative backgrounds in rural and remote areas, and from Dalit and Bahujan communities
• Women, young girls and children, especially those from marginalised communities, suffer from nutritious deficiencies, malnutrition and chronic anaemia
• Many girls are unable to attend schools due to lack of adequate toilet facilities
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• There is a lack of gender-affirming healthcare
• Stigma and bias about LGBTQIA+ people prevents them from enjoying their right to health
• People living in rural and remote areas
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People affected by riots
• Large poverty rates persist despite government’s claims, adversely affecting the right to health
• People living in rehabilitation or relief centres with no help from the government

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 74% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 71% said Scheduled Castes
• 35% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 71% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 50% said Muslims
• 29% said Christians
• 12% said Hindus
• 9% said Sikhs
• 9% said Buddhists
• 6% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• People from Muslim communities and other oppressed castes cannot buy or rent houses in places other than Muslim-majority areas
• Homes of Muslim families have been demolished as a form of extrajudicial punishment
• Women and girls, especially from conservative backgrounds in rural and remote areas, and from Dalit and Bahujan communities
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• People living in rural and remote areas
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People living in relief centres with no help from the government
• Homeless shelters and slum clusters in Delhi were demolished as part of a beautification strategy prior to the G20 Summit
• People affected by riots
• Large poverty rates persist despite government’s claims, adversely affecting the right to housing

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 76% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 71% said Scheduled Castes
• 29% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 68% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 56% said Muslims
• 35% said Christians
• 9% said Hindus
• 9% said Sikhs
• 9% said Buddhists

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People from tribal communities, especially Adivasi people from the Central Belt, and people of nomadic and denotified tribes
• Indigenous peoples from North-Eastern states, especially activists and human rights defenders
• People from oppressed caste communities such as the Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women, journalists, activists, human rights defenders, and political leaders
• People from Manipur, particularly in Meitei dominated areas in the Imphal valley where the state government has been accused of supporting the majority Meitei community against the Kuki-Zo communities during the ongoing ethnic violence
• Peaceful protests by Dalit groups, such as Jagrit Adivasi Dalit Sangathan, for land and forest protection led to arrests of its members and activists
• Christian communities, especially pastors and school principals who are accused of alleged religious conversions
• Muslims, especially refugees, men, boys, and those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Muslim people in Kashmir are vulnerable to military and police actions
• There are reports of Muslim people being penalised for praying, in both public and private spaces, and for interfaith marriages
• People from Sikh communities, especially activists and farmers
• People from Dalit and Muslim communities are arrested and often detained without trial or bail
• People who oppose Hindutva or the Hindu nationalist ideology, especially people from minority communities
• People who live near protest sites are reported to be arrested under false charges
• Activists and human rights defenders, especially from Jammu and Kashmir, North-Eastern states, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand, as well as women’s rights defenders
• Protesters, including university students, risk being detained under anti-terror laws
• Journalists, particularly independent journalists who are critical of the government, especially in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir, Manipur, and Madhya Pradesh
• Some journalists who report on sensitive matters, such as ethnic violence in Manipur, are arrested under anti-terror laws, especially the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• Social media posts critical of the government or political leaders are taken down and those making them are arrested and prosecuted
• Opposition party workers and leaders
• Agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation, the Directorate of Enforcement, and the National Investigation Agency are used to arrest and detain those criticising or opposing the Bhartiya Janta Party government or the Prime Minister
• Students, human rights defenders, other protesters, and representatives of farmers, are detained pending trial for prolonged durations and often denied bail
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states
• Human rights defenders, especially from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Kashmir, Jharkhand, Odisha, Manipur, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra
• People living in areas affected by Naxalism
• Stateless people
• Migrants are harassed by police and non-state forces, especially in states with international borders
• Rohingya refugees

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 81% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 69% said Scheduled Castes
• 44% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 58% said Scheduled Tribes
• 58% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 81% said Muslims
• 75% said Christians
• 47% said Sikhs
• 17% said Hindus
• 11% said Buddhists
• 3% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to disappearance by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Adivasi people from the Central Belt
• People from the Sikh community, especially activists and farmers
• People living in Manipur, especially during the ethnic violence, where the government was reportedly accused of taking partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women, journalists, activists, political leaders, and human rights defenders
• People from nomadic tribes and denotified tribes
• People from religious minorities, especially from Muslim and Christian communities
• Muslims, especially refugees, men, boys, and those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Muslim people in Kashmir are vulnerable to military and police actions
• Activists and human rights defenders, especially from Jammu and Kashmir, the North-Eastern states, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Odisha, and Maharashtra, as well as women’s rights defenders
• There are were reports of local activists being abducted for trying to meet with the local community and organising protests in Odisha
• People who oppose Hindutva or the Hindu nationalist ideology, especially people of minority communities
• Communities discriminated against based on work and descent are routinely subjected to state-sanctioned violence
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states
• Small landowners involved in corporate land takeover cases
• Stateless people
• People living in areas affected by Naxalism
• Migrants are harassed by police and non-state forces, especially in states with international borders

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 36% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 28% said Scheduled Castes
• 3% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 36% said Scheduled Tribes
• 28% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 58% said Muslims
• 22% said Christians
• 11% said Sikhs
• 3% said Hindus
• 3% said Buddhists

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to death penalty executions by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Adivasi people from the Central Belt
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially human rights defenders, activists and political leaders
• People from nomadic tribes and denotified tribes
• People living in Manipur, especially during the ethnic violence, where the government was reportedly accused of taking partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• People from religious minorities, especially from Muslim and Christian communities
• Muslim men and boys, especially those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 19% said Scheduled Castes
• 19% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 3% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 19% said Scheduled Tribes
• 17% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 28% said Muslims
• 3% said Christians

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial killing by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Adivasi people from the Central Belt
• Indigenous peoples from the North-Eastern states, especially activists and human rights defenders
• People living in Manipur, especially during the ethnic violence where the government reportedly took partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• People from the Sikh community, especially activists and farmers
• People from oppressed caste Hindu communities
• Indigenous people were allegedly targeted by aerial bombings in Chhattisgarh
• People from the tribal Gujjar-Bakarwal community of Kashmir, especially men
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially human rights defenders, activists and political leaders
• People from nomadic tribes and denotified tribes
• People from religious minorities, especially those from Muslim and Christian communities
• Muslims, especially refugees, men, boys, and those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Muslim people in Kashmir are at risk of military and police actions
• Activists and human rights defenders, especially from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Odisha, Manipur, Maharashtra, Jammu, Kashmir, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and the North-Eastern states
• People who oppose Hindutva or Hindu nationalist ideology, especially people from minority communities
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• Operation Green Hunt and Operation Samadhan Prahar have allegedly been responsible for carrying out extrajudicial killings in the name of countering left-wing extremism or Naxalites-Maoists
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states
• Communities discriminated against based on work and descent are routinely subjected to state-sanctioned violence
• The central government denied permission to prosecute army personnel who were involved in the killing of 15 civilians in Nagaland in 2021 in an alleged anti-insurgency ambush
• People living in areas affected by Naxalism
• Encounter killings by the police have risen in Assam
• Detainees, especially at police stations and prisons
• People accused of crimes, especially in Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Telangana
• People from working class backgrounds, especially in Uttar Pradesh and Assam
• Far left groups have to remain underground to avoid extrajudicial killings
• One person was killed and several others were injured by iron pellets during peaceful farmers’ protests

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 47% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 44% said Scheduled Castes
• 14% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 39% said Scheduled Tribes
• 36% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 69% said Muslims
• 25% said Sikhs
• 22% said Christians
• 8% said Hindus
• 3% said Buddhists