Singapur

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• LGBTQIA+ people and their dependents, due to their family structures not being recognised
• People who work in the gig economy, especially independent journalists
• Single parents and their children face discrimination

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Migrants and low wage workers, especially those of South Asian descent, are dependent on their employers for food and often receive food that does not meet their cultural needs or that is stale; they cannot independently change these conditions and risk deportation if their employer cancels their work permit
• People who work in the gig economy, especially independent journalists

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Migrants and low wage workers, especially those of South Asian descent, are dependent on their employers for healthcare and are discouraged from reporting workplace injuries; they cannot independently change these conditions and risk deportation if their employer cancels their work permit
• Migrants, due to a lack of translators in the public health service and workplace injuries
• LGBTQIA+ people and their dependents, due to their family structures not being recognised
• Single parents and their children face discrimination
• People with disabilities, due to high costs
• People who work in the gig economy, especially independent journalists
• Independent worker's rights advocates struggle to financially support their families
• Human rights advocates, many of whom have to work multiple jobs to make a living, struggle to afford healthcare and housing, and are mentally exhausted
• Detainees often face health issues after their release
• Stateless people and refugees face difficulties accessing healthcare due to their immigration status; refugees are turned away at the border
• Sex workers, especially those who are undocumented, face difficulties establishing safe sex practices and regular sexual health tests

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Migrants and low-wage workers, especially those of South Asian descent, are dependent on their employers for housing and are housed in dormitories with low hygiene and safety standards; they cannot independently change these conditions, and risk deportation if their employer cancels their work permit
• Anti-discrimination laws, especially to protect migrant workers, women and LGBTQIA+ people, are inadequate
• Minority groups are discriminated against when renting housing
• LGBTQIA+ people face discrimination in accessing public housing, especially single people who are only allowed access after the age of 35 and only to small housing units
• Single-parents, including those who are divorced, may face certain restrictions and eligibility criteria when accessing public housing
• People who work in the gig economy, especially independent journalists
• Independent worker's rights advocates struggle to financially support their families
• Human rights advocates, many of whom have to work multiple jobs to make a living and struggle to afford healthcare and housing
• Stateless people and refugees face difficulties accessing housing due to their immigration status; refugees are turned away at the border
• Low-income families have limited choices in public and private housing

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People are harassed and detained for their political beliefs and affiliations
• People from India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan
• Migrant workers, especially those of South Asian descent
• People with particular religious beliefs are intimidated and detained for investigation
• The Internal Security Act and Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act allows the state to detain people suspected of drug trafficking without charging or convicting them in court
• People suspected of drug trafficking are not allowed lawyers and there have been reports of physical and psychological assault to extract confessions
• People suspected of political violence or terrorist activity face long periods of detention, without due process under the Internal Security Act; these detentions sometimes last years
• Detainees face extended detention periods without due process, under the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act
• Detainees face difficulties getting legal representation
• Members of syndicates or secret societies can be secretly detained with approval from the Ministry of Home Affairs
• Journalists are often detained for investigation, for many hours, and their equipment is confiscated
• Protesters, human rights advocates, and union members, including workers’ rights advocates, are detained for investigation, sometimes repeatedly
• People with particular political affiliations, such as extremists, radicals, and people with far-right political beliefs, who are suspected of terrorist activity
• People with opposing political views, especially politicians, writers, and people who participate in unauthorised non-violent political activities
• Singaporeans in exile, especially for political reasons, are monitored if they return to Singapore and many refuse to return for fear of arrest and criminal charges
• Sex workers, especially those who are undocumented, face violence from the police and risk arrest

Expert respondents did not provide any specific information about who is especially vulnerable to violations of this right.

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to death penalty executions by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People suspected of drug trafficking
• A death row inmate with intellectual disabilities was executed in 2022

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial killing by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Detainees, especially those convicted of drug offenses or murder, face torture in prison, including caning and execution

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to assembly and association by the government or its agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Everyone is at risk under the Protection of Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA)
• Journalists' work can be labelled as ‘false’ by the State under POFMA, without evidence; many independent journalists face harassment from government agents
• Financial restrictions are used to limit individual and organisational empowerment rights, including restrictions on funding from foreign institutions
• Protests are highly restricted because of stringent permit and registration requirements, and it is very rare for anyone to receive government permission to organise a protest or demonstration outside of the speaker's corner
• People from ethnic minorities face difficulties organising and advocating against discrimination, especially migrant workers of South Asian descent and those advocating for workers’ rights
• People participating in non-violent police activity face harassment from the police
• Academics face restrictions to assembly, including for academic events on campus
• Political opposition parties face bureaucratic difficulties when organising or expressing their views and have limited access to community centres since most of these centres are affiliated with the ruling party
• The Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act restricts funding opportunities for human rights organisations
• Human rights organisations need permits for assemblies and associations
• Independent human rights organisations and think tanks find their efforts diminished in favour of government-controlled organisations, and are often refused entrance to government-related events on the basis of security clearance
• Independent labour unions and worker's rights advocates are monitored and face difficulties organising
• Members of the LGBTQIA+ community face difficulties organising and advocating for their rights, especially in public
• Single parents face difficulties organising and advocating for their rights
• People with disabilities face difficulties participating in politics and organising independently of the government
• Refugees face barriers to freely assembling and associating because they are not formally recognised by the Singaporean government
• People with a low social or economic status, especially people experiencing homelessness and street children, face additional barriers due to their limited social and economic power
• Non-Singaporeans are not allowed to protest

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to opinion and expression by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Everyone is at risk under the Protection of Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA)
• Journalists' work can be labelled as ‘false’ by the State under POFMA, without evidence; many independent journalists face harassment from government agents
• Journalists are restricted in their work through the use of the POFMA, defamation, and public ridicule; most journalists self-censor to avoid controversial topics, such as the judiciary
• People from ethnic minorities face difficulties organising and advocating against discrimination
• Academics, due to censorship; this has led to a high level of self-censorship
• People who conscientiously object to national military service, especially for religious reasons such as Jehovah's Witnesses; they are unable to publicly express these views
• Members of the LGBTQIA+ community face difficulties organising and advocating for their rights, especially in public
• Members of the LGBTQIA+ community and people who support same-sex marriage are accused by conservative groups of deviant behaviour and undermining the social fabric, in an attempt to exclude them from the conversation; the government is not in favour of same-sex marriage
• Refugees face barriers to freely expressing themselves because they are not formally recognised by the Singaporean government
• Non-Singaporeans need speaking permits from local organisations in order to participate in political or religious discussions, including speaking about their home countries, which the authorities deem 'importing foreign politics'

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their political participation by the government or its agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Everyone is at risk under the Protection of Falsehoods and Manipulation Act (POFMA)
• Journalists' work can be labelled as ‘false’ by the State under POFMA, without evidence; many independent journalists face harassment from government agents
• Journalists are restricted in their work through the use of POFMA, defamation, and public ridicule; most journalists self-censor to avoid controversial topics such as the judiciary
• People from ethnic minorities face difficulties organising and advocating against discrimination, especially migrant workers of South Asian descent
• Migrant workers, both low and high wage, are discouraged from participating in political activity
• Organisations and people that are independent of the government, such as human rights organisations, independent labour unions, activists, and journalists, face significant restrictions, such as bureaucratic difficulties and stringent permit requirements to organise and assemble, monitoring by the government and self-censorship for fear of arrest or criminal charges
• Academics, due to hiring and promotions being subject to political screening
• The Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act restricts funding opportunities for human rights organisations
• Political opposition parties have limited access to community centres since most of these centres are affiliated with the ruling party
• Independent labour unions and worker's rights advocates are monitored and face difficulties organising, especially strikes and protests
• General election candidates must pay a deposit to contest and will forfeit this deposit if they fail to secure at least 12.5% of the votes, creating a substantial financial barrier and limiting the political participation of individuals with limited financial resources
• Members of the LGBTQIA+ community face difficulties organising and advocating for their rights, especially in public
• Single parents face difficulties organising and advocating for their rights
• People with disabilities face difficulties participating in politics and organising independently of the government
• People suspected of terrorism are often detained and information about their detention is rarely shared by authorities or is only shared long after the start of their detention
• Refugees cannot participate in government because they are not formally recognised by the Singaporean government
• Singaporeans in exile, especially for political reasons, are monitored if they return to Singapore and many refuse to return for fear of arrest and criminal charges