India

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Students, especially from tribal areas and denotified tribes
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women and girls
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• There are reports of attacks on madrasas (Muslim religious school) in some parts of the country
• Muslim children are discriminated against in schools for wearing hijab
• People living in rural and remote areas, especially women and girls from conservative backgrounds
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• People living in relief centres with no help from the government
• People affected by riots
• School dropout rates for girls remain high
• Education institutions and curricula are not inclusive or compatible for people with disabilities, especially in rural areas
• Large poverty rates persist despite government’s claims, adversely affecting the right to education

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 74% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 68% said Scheduled Castes
• 32% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 71% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 50% said Muslims
• 29% said Christians
• 11% said Hindus
• 9% said Sikhs
• 9% said Buddhists
• 3% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women and girls
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• People living in rural and remote areas, especially women and girls from conservative backgrounds
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• People affected by riots
• People living in relief centres with no help from the government
• Women, young girls and children, especially those from marginalised communities, suffer from nutritious deficiencies, malnutrition and chronic anaemia

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 71% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 68% said Scheduled Castes
• 26% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 65% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 41% said Muslims
• 29% said Christians
• 12% said Hindus
• 6% said Sikhs
• 6% said Buddhists
• 3% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Students, especially from tribal areas and denotified tribes
• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• People from Dalit communities are still made to engage in manual scavenging, the act of manually cleaning toilets, sewers, and septic tanks, despite it being banned in India and having significant negative health impacts, occasionally leading to deaths
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• There are reports that academics arrested during the anti-Citizenship Amendment Bill protests were denied basic healthcare and amenities while in detention
• Women and girls, especially from conservative backgrounds in rural and remote areas, and from Dalit and Bahujan communities
• Women, young girls and children, especially those from marginalised communities, suffer from nutritious deficiencies, malnutrition and chronic anaemia
• Many girls are unable to attend schools due to lack of adequate toilet facilities
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• There is a lack of gender-affirming healthcare
• Stigma and bias about LGBTQIA+ people prevents them from enjoying their right to health
• People living in rural and remote areas
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People affected by riots
• Large poverty rates persist despite government’s claims, adversely affecting the right to health
• People living in rehabilitation or relief centres with no help from the government

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 74% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 71% said Scheduled Castes
• 35% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 71% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 50% said Muslims
• 29% said Christians
• 12% said Hindus
• 9% said Sikhs
• 9% said Buddhists
• 6% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Tribal communities in Manipur and Nagaland
• Adivasi people, especially women and children
• Victims of ethnic violence in Manipur, especially Kuki-Zo-Hmar communities
• Rural Dalit and Adivasi Christian communities
• People from Muslim communities and other oppressed castes cannot buy or rent houses in places other than Muslim-majority areas
• Homes of Muslim families have been demolished as a form of extrajudicial punishment
• Women and girls, especially from conservative backgrounds in rural and remote areas, and from Dalit and Bahujan communities
• People living in poverty, especially women and children
• People living in rural and remote areas
• People living in the North-Eastern states and Kashmir
• Children, especially street children, children of refugees and sex workers, those belonging to lower socio-economic groups, and those whose parents are landless labourers
• Refugees and stateless people
• People living in relief centres with no help from the government
• Homeless shelters and slum clusters in Delhi were demolished as part of a beautification strategy prior to the G20 Summit
• People affected by riots
• Large poverty rates persist despite government’s claims, adversely affecting the right to housing

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 76% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 71% said Scheduled Castes
• 29% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 68% said Scheduled Tribes
• 59% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk of not being able to enjoy this right:

• 56% said Muslims
• 35% said Christians
• 9% said Hindus
• 9% said Sikhs
• 9% said Buddhists

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People from tribal communities, especially Adivasi people from the Central Belt, and people of nomadic and denotified tribes
• Indigenous peoples from North-Eastern states, especially activists and human rights defenders
• People from oppressed caste communities such as the Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women, journalists, activists, human rights defenders, and political leaders
• People from Manipur, particularly in Meitei dominated areas in the Imphal valley where the state government has been accused of supporting the majority Meitei community against the Kuki-Zo communities during the ongoing ethnic violence
• Peaceful protests by Dalit groups, such as Jagrit Adivasi Dalit Sangathan, for land and forest protection led to arrests of its members and activists
• Christian communities, especially pastors and school principals who are accused of alleged religious conversions
• Muslims, especially refugees, men, boys, and those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Muslim people in Kashmir are vulnerable to military and police actions
• There are reports of Muslim people being penalised for praying, in both public and private spaces, and for interfaith marriages
• People from Sikh communities, especially activists and farmers
• People from Dalit and Muslim communities are arrested and often detained without trial or bail
• People who oppose Hindutva or the Hindu nationalist ideology, especially people from minority communities
• People who live near protest sites are reported to be arrested under false charges
• Activists and human rights defenders, especially from Jammu and Kashmir, North-Eastern states, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand, as well as women’s rights defenders
• Protesters, including university students, risk being detained under anti-terror laws
• Journalists, particularly independent journalists who are critical of the government, especially in Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir, Manipur, and Madhya Pradesh
• Some journalists who report on sensitive matters, such as ethnic violence in Manipur, are arrested under anti-terror laws, especially the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• Social media posts critical of the government or political leaders are taken down and those making them are arrested and prosecuted
• Opposition party workers and leaders
• Agencies such as the Central Bureau of Investigation, the Directorate of Enforcement, and the National Investigation Agency are used to arrest and detain those criticising or opposing the Bhartiya Janta Party government or the Prime Minister
• Students, human rights defenders, other protesters, and representatives of farmers, are detained pending trial for prolonged durations and often denied bail
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states
• Human rights defenders, especially from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Kashmir, Jharkhand, Odisha, Manipur, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra
• People living in areas affected by Naxalism
• Stateless people
• Migrants are harassed by police and non-state forces, especially in states with international borders
• Rohingya refugees

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 81% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 69% said Scheduled Castes
• 44% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 58% said Scheduled Tribes
• 58% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 81% said Muslims
• 75% said Christians
• 47% said Sikhs
• 17% said Hindus
• 11% said Buddhists
• 3% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to disappearance by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Adivasi people from the Central Belt
• People from the Sikh community, especially activists and farmers
• People living in Manipur, especially during the ethnic violence, where the government was reportedly accused of taking partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially women, journalists, activists, political leaders, and human rights defenders
• People from nomadic tribes and denotified tribes
• People from religious minorities, especially from Muslim and Christian communities
• Muslims, especially refugees, men, boys, and those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Muslim people in Kashmir are vulnerable to military and police actions
• Activists and human rights defenders, especially from Jammu and Kashmir, the North-Eastern states, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Odisha, and Maharashtra, as well as women’s rights defenders
• There are were reports of local activists being abducted for trying to meet with the local community and organising protests in Odisha
• People who oppose Hindutva or the Hindu nationalist ideology, especially people of minority communities
• Communities discriminated against based on work and descent are routinely subjected to state-sanctioned violence
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states
• Small landowners involved in corporate land takeover cases
• Stateless people
• People living in areas affected by Naxalism
• Migrants are harassed by police and non-state forces, especially in states with international borders

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 36% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 28% said Scheduled Castes
• 3% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 36% said Scheduled Tribes
• 28% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 58% said Muslims
• 22% said Christians
• 11% said Sikhs
• 3% said Hindus
• 3% said Buddhists

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to death penalty executions by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Adivasi people from the Central Belt
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially human rights defenders, activists and political leaders
• People from nomadic tribes and denotified tribes
• People living in Manipur, especially during the ethnic violence, where the government was reportedly accused of taking partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• People from religious minorities, especially from Muslim and Christian communities
• Muslim men and boys, especially those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 19% said Scheduled Castes
• 19% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 3% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 19% said Scheduled Tribes
• 17% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 28% said Muslims
• 3% said Christians

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial killing by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Adivasi people from the Central Belt
• Indigenous peoples from the North-Eastern states, especially activists and human rights defenders
• People living in Manipur, especially during the ethnic violence where the government reportedly took partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• People from the Sikh community, especially activists and farmers
• People from oppressed caste Hindu communities
• Indigenous people were allegedly targeted by aerial bombings in Chhattisgarh
• People from the tribal Gujjar-Bakarwal community of Kashmir, especially men
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially human rights defenders, activists and political leaders
• People from nomadic tribes and denotified tribes
• People from religious minorities, especially those from Muslim and Christian communities
• Muslims, especially refugees, men, boys, and those living in Assam and Uttar Pradesh
• Muslim people in Kashmir are at risk of military and police actions
• Activists and human rights defenders, especially from Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Odisha, Manipur, Maharashtra, Jammu, Kashmir, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and the North-Eastern states
• People who oppose Hindutva or Hindu nationalist ideology, especially people from minority communities
• Journalists, human rights defenders, and activists reporting human rights abuses risk being labelled ‘anti-national’ or engaged in ‘terrorist activities’ and having criminal charges framed under anti-terror laws and national security laws
• Operation Green Hunt and Operation Samadhan Prahar have allegedly been responsible for carrying out extrajudicial killings in the name of countering left-wing extremism or Naxalites-Maoists
• People living in areas with a high military presence, especially Kashmir and the North-Eastern states
• Communities discriminated against based on work and descent are routinely subjected to state-sanctioned violence
• The central government denied permission to prosecute army personnel who were involved in the killing of 15 civilians in Nagaland in 2021 in an alleged anti-insurgency ambush
• People living in areas affected by Naxalism
• Encounter killings by the police have risen in Assam
• Detainees, especially at police stations and prisons
• People accused of crimes, especially in Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Telangana
• People from working class backgrounds, especially in Uttar Pradesh and Assam
• Far left groups have to remain underground to avoid extrajudicial killings
• One person was killed and several others were injured by iron pellets during peaceful farmers’ protests

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 47% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 44% said Scheduled Castes
• 14% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 39% said Scheduled Tribes
• 36% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially at risk for violations of this right:

• 69% said Muslims
• 25% said Sikhs
• 22% said Christians
• 8% said Hindus
• 3% said Buddhists

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to assembly and association by the government or its agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Tribal communities in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh
• Tribal groups in Manipur, especially during the ethnic violence, where the government was accused of taking partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• Peaceful protests by Dalit groups such as Jagrit Adivasi Dalit Sangathan for land and forest rights have led to the arrests of its members and activists
• Arbitrary imposition of Section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code by local governments leads to the right of assembly being restricted for all people- Any assembly that appears to challenge or oppose the current government is restricted
• Anyone who criticises the government, especially people from minority communities
• There are reports of local activists being abducted for trying to meet with the local community and organising protests in Odisha
• Human rights defenders are at risk of facing police and judicial action for expressing their opinions
• Strikes are prohibited and met with violence in many states, especially Uttar Pradesh
• Some sections of labourers are denied their trade union rights and those exercising these rights are reportedly harassed
• People in Kashmir, especially Muslim communities
• There are cases of excessive force being used during peaceful protests such as those in Ladakh and on the Punjab-Haryana border, including the use of smoke bombs, tear gas, firing shots, and beating with batons

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 74% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 63% said Scheduled Castes
• 42% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 53% said Scheduled Tribes
• 50% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 74% said Muslims
• 61% said Christians
• 37% said Sikhs
• 21% said Buddhists
• 5% said Hindus
• 5% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to opinion and expression by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Adivasi people living in the Bastar region of Chhattisgarh
• Adivasi people, especially those who live in the central tribal belt including in Bastar, particularly women, human rights defenders, journalists, and political leaders, face threats from state actors and left-wing extremists
• There are reports of people from Dalit and other marginalised communities being assaulted for sporting moustaches, entering temples, and riding horses
• Dalit women, especially human rights defenders and journalists, face sexist and casteist harassment, especially when expressing their views online
• People from the Scheduled Castes
• People from Dalit and Bahujan communities, especially human rights defenders, activists, and political leaders
• People from the Sikh community, especially activists and farmers
• Tribal groups in Manipur , especially during the ethnic violence, where the government was reportedly accused of taking partisan action against the Kuki-Zo tribal communities
• Internally displaced people in Manipur
• People belonging to multiple marginalised communities, especially Pasmanda Muslims and Dalit Christians
• People in Kashmir, especially Muslim communities
• Women and girls, especially those who are critical of the government, politically involved, or from minority communities
• Anyone who criticises the government, especially people from minority communities, are labelled ‘anti-national’
• Journalists are attacked and harassed while reporting on political rallies and protests in the country
• Police use excessive force against journalists
• News outlets critical of the government risked raids and seizure of equipment
• A report by Rights and Risks Analysis Group found that at least one hundred and ninety four journalists were targeted in India, especially journalists from Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and Delhi
• University campuses have become hostile to students and faculty that express opposing political opinions
• Social media posts critical of the government are taken down and there are reports of their authors being arrested
• Foreign journalists, political leaders, and other influential people face cyber-bullying, and are denied entry into India if they have been critical of the government
• There are reports of overseas citizens having their Overseas Citizen of India cards suspended or revoked for expressing disapproval or criticism of the government
• No legislative assembly elections have been held in Jammu and Kashmir since Article 370 of the Constitution was abolished
• Internet shutdowns and other restrictions to free speech are common, especially in Kashmir, Manipur, Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana
• Many mainstream media and news channels in the country are controlled by the government, who constantly circulate fake and manipulated news against the opposition, but rarely report on torture, neglect, and corruption by the government
• Civic space is rapidly shrinking, with independent think-tanks and civil society organisations being targeted and having their Foreign Contribution and Regulation Act (FCRA) licenses suspended or revoked for allegedly violating the FCRA, thereby restricting their access to funding opportunities
• Professors at universities risk losing their jobs for publishing academic research that does not align with the central government's narrative
• Public seminars and conferences about the Constitution, human rights, and other political matters are cancelled and restricted in many schools and universities; individuals organising and attending these seminars are attacked by non-state actors often supported by the government

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 76% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 68% said Scheduled Castes
• 45% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 55% said Scheduled Tribes
• 50% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 71% said Muslims
• 50% said Christians
• 32% said Sikhs
• 18% said Buddhists
• 11% said Hindus
• 5% said Jains

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their political participation by the government or its agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Internally displaced people in Manipur
• Tribal communities, especially Kuki-Zo peoples from Manipur
• Adivasi people, especially those who live in the central tribal belt including in Bastar, particularly women, human rights defenders, journalists, and political leaders, face threats from state actors and left-wing extremists
• Adivasi people who try to self-organise, protest, and demand political representation are accused of ‘naxalism’
• Tribal communities continue to protest for the right to protect their lands, implementation of the Provisions of the Panchayat Act, and against mass evictions, however it is extremely difficult due to inadequate political representation
• Many nomadic tribes are not recorded in the official Census of India and often cannot access publicly funded schemes since they lack formal government recognition
• People from the Scheduled Castes or Dalit communities
• People from oppressed castes are discriminated against due to the rigid social caste structure, the nature of their work, and lack of awareness, and are subject to bonded labour
• Dalit Christians are denied Scheduled Caste status
• People in Kashmir, especially Muslim communities
• People belonging to multiple marginalised communities, especially Pasmanda Muslims and Dalit Christians
• People from the Muslim community are labelled ‘anti-India’ and there are reports of Hindu extremists using provocative slogans calling for them to be politically, socially, and economically boycotted
• The ruling party does not have a single Muslim Member of Parliament
• The government of Odisha reportedly cancelled student union elections and they have not taken place since 2019
• A reputed climate activist was vilified and prevented from protesting for the inclusion of Ladakh in the sixth schedule of the Indian Constitution to protect its environment and communities
• Foreign journalists, political leaders, and other influential people face cyber-bullying and are denied entry into India if they have been critical of the government
• The Forest Rights Act and similar acts are being changed to allow protected forest and tribal land to go to big corporations, especially in Odisha
• There have been many cases of political leaders changing parties once elected, referred to as 'horse-trading'; there also have been cases of the Bharatiya Janata Party supporting such defection and clearing the criminal records of joining politicians
• Political leaders of key opposition parties such as the Aam Admi Party, the Indian National Congress, and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, were strategically arrested before elections and detained pending trial
• Political opponents of the ruling government face falsified cases, raids, and freezing of assets and bank accounts prior to elections
• Some sections of labourers are denied their trade union rights and those exercising these rights are reportedly harassed
• Voting and polling booths in conflict areas are less accessible
• There is a lack of remote voting mechanisms and facilities for internal migrants
• The government, including the Prime Minister, has used hateful language against the Muslim community in public addresses

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which caste-based groups were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 66% said Other Dalit communities (such as Muslims or Christians)
• 55% said Scheduled Castes
• 26% said Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which Indigenous communities were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 53% said Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNTs)
• 50% said Scheduled Tribes

When we asked survey respondents to provide more information about which religious communities were especially vulnerable to restrictions of this right:

• 68% said Muslims
• 50% said Christians
• 24% said Sikhs
• 21% said Buddhists
• 3% said Jains