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When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller communities living a nomadic lifestyle face difficulties accessing education and thus have lower educational attainment
• Disabled people have less support and lower educational attainment than their peers
• Prisoners in overpopulated prisons have less access to education

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People of minority ethnic backgrounds are more likely to need to use food banks
• People living in rural areas face difficulties accessing supermarkets and food banks
• Older people are unable to buy food due to low pensions and increased cost of living
• Prisoners in overpopulated prisons face difficulties accessing food
• Students with low social or economic status suffer from a lack of free school meals
• People of particular races, people from ethnic minorities, and homeless youth are unable to afford adequate food due to increased costs of living

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller communities living a nomadic lifestyle face difficulties accessing healthcare
• People living in rural areas face difficulties accessing healthcare
• Older people face difficulties accessing healthcare due to the increased digitisation of services

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People of particular religions, particularly Catholics, experience housing inequality
• People of low socioeconomic status suffer from a lack of affordable housing
• People with disabilities suffer discrimination and do not have access to housing that meets their needs
• Refugees and asylum seekers are often unable to access appropriate accommodation due to high demand
• People of particular races, people from ethnic minorities, and young people with low socioeconomic status, face difficulties accessing housing and are more likely to be homeless

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People of colour and people from ethnic minorities are more likely to be impacted by government programmes and policies such as Prevent, and Stop and Search, particularly young Muslim men
• People of colour and people from ethnic minorities, particularly Black men, are more likely to be stopped and searched or strip-searched, and face excessive use of force by police
• Government programmes, such as Prevent, disproportionately affect Asian people, Black people, and Muslim people
• People of colour are over-represented in prisons
• People from Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller communities are more likely to be arrested
• Protesters, particularly environmental activists and those protesting the Israel-Palestine war, are more likely to be arrested at peaceful protests under the new Public Order Act, which has hindered the right to freedom of assembly and peaceful protest, and has been criticised by the United Nations
• Women protesting police violence against women are arrested at peaceful protests and are subject to excessive use of force
• Muslim people are disproportionately suspected of terrorism
• Sex workers, particularly migrants, are at risk of harassment and abuse by police
• Women who protest against the Metropolitan police suffer the use of excessive force and arrest, particularly those who attended Sarah Everard’s vigil

Expert respondents did not provide any specific information about who is especially vulnerable to violations of this right.

Expert respondents did not provide any specific information about who is especially vulnerable to violations of this right.

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial killing by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Black men are more likely to be killed by the police
• There are cases of death or suicide in immigration detention

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to assembly and association by the government or its agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Women who protest against the Metropolitan police suffer the use of excessive force and arrest, particularly those who attended Sarah Everard’s vigil
• New anti-protest laws pose a significant threat to the right to protest peacefully, particularly targeting environmental activists and those protesting the Israel-Palestine war

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to opinion and expression by government agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Journalists are surveilled by police when investigating state collusion with paramilitary groups
• The new government definition of extremism restricts freedom of expression

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their political participation by the government or its agents in 2023, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• New anti-protest laws significantly threaten the right to protest peacefully
• A new law making it mandatory to have photographic ID to vote in elections has created barriers for all people, particularly homeless people, people with low socioeconomic status, people of racial minorities, people with disabilities, students, Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller communities, and refugees
• Migrants and asylum seekers are disproportionately affected by voter ID requirements as those without a voter ID are ineligible to vote
• Religious groups face government threats of funding withdrawal, particularly the Interfaith Network UK
• The UK government refuses to engage with the Muslim Council for Britain
• The Welsh Government’s incorporation of non-religious groups into the Faith Communities Forum hinders the ability of religious groups to safely engage with the Welsh Government
• Environmental activists and protesters are targeted by anti-protest laws which ban blocking traffic and pavements, and generally restrict protest rights
• People with disabilities experience discriminatory government policies that increase stigmatisation and hinder political participation
• People in prison are not eligible to vote
• Refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants are unable to peacefully protest removal policies, particularly if they publicly support Palestine