Chine

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Family members of political dissidents and human rights activists, especially children
• People in Xinjiang and Tibet, especially children from ethnic minorities
• People from ethnic minorities, who are often denied education in their native language
• People who finish school outside of Beijing or Shanghai face difficulties getting into university
• People living in remote and underdeveloped areas, such as Liangshan in Sichuan Province
• People who are stateless or are not in the household registration system
• People with an irregular residential status, such as migrant children
• Children who are forced into boarding schools
• Children and teenagers who are homeless
• Children in mountainous regions

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• All people, due to poor food safety conditions, including excessive levels of pesticides, heavy metals, and other additives in food supplies
• Dissidents who are imprisoned
• People in Xinjiang and Tibet, especially people from ethnic minorities such as Uyghurs
• Muslims, as halal food has been increasingly restricted in society, especially Muslim children in schools due to increasing pressure to assimilate into mainstream Han Chinese culture
• People with a low social or economic status, especially those who are imprisoned or live in rural areas
• Members of the working class
• Migrant workers and unemployed migrants
• People living in rural areas, especially those in central and western regions such as Gansu and Guizhou as well as Guangxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan
• Children and older people in rural or remote areas, especially mountainous regions
• Farmers and their families
• Children and teenagers who are homeless

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People in prison, especially dissidents and Uyghurs
• Uyghurs who rely on traditional medicines, rituals, and healing practices
• Members of the working class
• People in Xinjiang, Tibet, and other rural areas in the central and western regions of China such as Henan
• Rural farmers and their families
• Older people and children in rural areas
• Children and teenagers who are homeless
• People who are stateless or are not in the household registration system
• People in remote areas, especially those not located near a city registered with the public healthcare system

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Landlords of dissidents or owners of hotels where dissidents are staying
• Members of the political opposition
• Rural and urban migrant workers
• People with a low social or economic status in urban areas
• Members of the working class
• People in Xinjiang and Tibet
• People in rural areas, especially where the is no public housing
• People living in places that are demolished by the government for new building projects
• People who pre-purchase homes from real estate companies that go bankrupt and shut down construction
• People living in poorly built homes
• People who are stateless or are not in the household registration system
• Farmers and their family members
• Children and teenagers who are homeless

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• All people who oppose the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
• People who publicly criticise the CCP and its history, especially on the internet
• Democrats and people supporting democracy, including the Chinese Democratic Movement Group
• People suspected of bribery, corruption, terrorism, or drug use
• Government officials who have been accused of bribery or corruption
• Human rights defenders, such as Dai Zhenya and Song Ze
• Zhang Zhan, a former lawyer and citizen journalist who reported on COVID-19 in Wuhan
• Citizen journalists and independent media members
• Leaders of the Worker’s Movement
• Muslims, especially Uyghurs
• People from ethnic minorities in Tibet and Xinjiang, especially Kazakhs and Uyghurs
• Migrant workers
• Mongolian and Tibetan people
• Christians
• Falun Gong members
• People from Hong Kong
• Progressive business owners
• Foreign nationals who are entrepreneurs and business owners are subjected to extortion scams by police, where they are arrested if they do not pay
• Members of non-governmental organisations

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to disappearance by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• All people who oppose the Chinese Communist Party
• Labour activists
• Democrats and supporters of democracy, including the Chinese Democracy Movement group
• Detainees who are accused of being disorderly during arrest
• People suspected or accused of bribery, corruption, embezzlement, terrorism, or drug use
• Individuals being placed under 'designated residence surveillance', such as human rights lawyer Wang Yu and others
• Independent journalists, such as Zhang Zhan
• Muslims, especially Uyghurs
• People from ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, especially Uyghurs and Kazakhs
• People from Tibet, Mongolia and Hong Kong
• Religious leaders and members, such as Tibetan monks
• Falun Gong members

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to death penalty executions by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Anyone involved in anti-government movements or activities
• People suspected or accused of bribery, corruption, embezzlement, terrorism, drug use, violent crimes, endangering national security, or murder
• Muslims, especially Uyghurs
• People from ethnic minorities in Xinjiang, especially Uyghurs and Kazakhs
• Tibetans
• Yang Hengjun, an Australian Chinese author who was a former employee of the Chinese Ministry of State Security, was executed in 2024 following charges of espionage
• People from Hong Kong

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial killing by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• All people who oppose the Chinese Communist Party
• Anyone involved in anti-government movements or activities
• People suspected or accused of bribery, corruption, terrorism, or drug use
• People from ethnic minorities engaging in violent or non-violent resistance
• Muslims, especially Uyghurs
• Tibetans
• People from ethnic minorities living in Xinjiang, especially Uyghurs and Kazakhs
• Detainees and people from ethnic minorities in Xinjiang and Tibet
• People subjected to torture are often beaten to death
• Falun Gong members
• People from Hong Kong

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to assembly and association by the government or its agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• All supporters of democracy, including Chinese Democratic Party members
• People who participate in the New Citizen's Movement or the White Paper Movement
• Critics of the Chinese Communist Party, including Peng Lifa (also known as the Bridge Man Protester)
• Human rights advocates, including Song Ze, Yin Xu’an, Xu Zhiyong, Wang Bingzhang, and Jiang Tianyong
• Activists defending women’s rights or Tibetan rights
• Independent media
• Independent trade union members and leaders
• Migrant workers who organise to demand higher wages
• Environmental and wild species advocates
• Student gatherings
• Members of non-governmental organisations, especially ones that receive foreign funding or that work on political topics
• People from Tibet and Hong Kong
• Uyghurs
• All people who follow religions that are not part of state-sanctioned religious organisations, including members and leaders of House Churches
• Christians and Christian House Church Leaders
• Mutual aid organisations
• People living in Xinjiang, especially human rights activists
• Falun Gong members
• Progressive entrepreneurs who own private firms
• Public gatherings for Christmas and New Year Celebrations were banned in Shanghai

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their rights to opinion and expression by government agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Anyone who opposes the Chinese Communist Party, including on online platforms such as Weibo and WeChat
• Supporters of democracy, especially pro-democracy organisations, including The Democracy Party of China and the Tiananmen Mothers
• People who participate in the New Citizens’ Movement
• Civil rights activists, including Xu Zhiyong, Ding Jiaxi, Liu Jiacai, Wang Aizhong, and Dai Zhenya
• Chinese nationals outside of China commenting on the government
• Political science academics
• People discussing politics online
• Independent media and journalists, such as Gao Yu
• Members of non-governmental organisations
• Academic and professional associations, including the Chinese Psychological Society and Pen International
• Members of trade unions
• People living in Xianjiang
• Human rights defenders working in Xinjiang and Tibet
• Uyghurs
• People from Tibet and Hong Kong
• People from gender and sexual minorities
• Mutual aid groups
• Religious leaders
• Christians, including Church House leaders and other religious leaders
• Falun Gong members
• Progressive entrepreneurs who own private firms

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to restrictions on their political participation by the government or its agents in 2024, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• China Democracy Party members
• People who participate in the New Citizen's Movement
• Pro-democracy supporters and advocates, including Qin Yongming, co-founder of the China Democracy Party
• Independent party candidates, such as Yang Tingjian
• Family members of dissidents or petitioners, including children
• Feminists and women’s rights advocates
• Human rights activists in Xinjiang
• Human rights defenders, including Goa Zhisheng, and Liu Ping
• Independent media
• Trade union members and leaders
• Members of non-governmental organisations
• Uyghurs
• People from Tibet, especially human rights activists
• People who practice religions not approved by the state
• Leaders of mutual aid groups
• Christians and Christian House Church leaders
• Falun Gong members
• Progressive entrepreneurs who own private firms