Chine

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to education in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• People from ethnic minorities do not have access to education in their native language
• Tibetan people
• Uyghur people
• People in Yunnan and some parts of Guizhou province
• Low-income families
• Migrant workers whose addresses are registered elsewhere in the Hukou system (China's household registration system that determines people's access to benefits and services based on their registered residence)
• Economically underdeveloped provinces in the west
• There are large gaps in access to education between rural and urban areas, and between districts in large cities
• Education curriculums are controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, and largely aimed at indoctrinating children with certain ideas
• Girls
• Children of prisoners of conscience
• Children of political dissidents
• Children of members of religious minorities
• Children without a birth certificate, having no Hukou registration

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to food in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Many people starved to death during the pandemic, especially those who were forced to quarantine
• Special food resources were made available during the pandemic to Chinese Communist Party members and government officials; they were the only people with guaranteed food security
• Residents in certain areas such as Guizhou, Gansu, and Qinghai provinces
• People from ethnic minorities
• Tibetan people
• Uyghur people
• People in economically underdeveloped provinces in the west
• People in poverty or with low incomes
• People in remote mountainous areas
• Migrant workers
• Undocumented people
• Residents in big cities such as Shanghai, Zhengzhou, and Wuhan did not have enough food due to the lockdowns
• Prison inmates
• Followers of Falun Gong and other unregistered religions
• Food products are likely to be contaminated by fertilisers and pesticides; only the privileged have access to safe and healthy food

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to health in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Food, water, and air pollution put all people's health at risk
• People in poverty or with low income
• People not documented in the Hukou system (China's household registration system that determines people's access to benefits and services based on their registered residence)
• Migrant workers
• People from ethnic minorities
• Tibetan people
• Economically underdeveloped provinces in the west
• There is a gap between rural and urban areas, with farmers being one of the most insecure groups in terms of health and medical care
• The differences in political, social, and economic backgrounds result in a gap in the quality of health services. A small elite in the Chinese Communist Party can access good quality public medical services completely free of charge with no delays, and ordinary government officials can access many public health services more freely than workers in private companies, while farmers have to pay for almost all health services themselves
• Factory workers
• The Chinese Communist Party does not pay adequate attention to environmental and health issues. During the pandemic, the Party allowed low-quality and unsafe medical products so that Party-controlled medical companies could make more profit
• Prison inmates
• People in custody
• Members of Falun Gong and other unregistered religions
• The zero-Covid policy of the Chinese Communist Party affected all people's health
• Ordinary people often suffer from expensive medical costs and poor health service

When asked to provide more context about who was particularly unlikely to enjoy their right to housing in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Housing prices and rents are expensive
• People in poverty or with low income
• Migrant workers, especially those from rural areas working in cities
• People not documented in the Hukou system (China's household registration system that determines people's access to benefits and services based on their registered residence)
• Women in rural areas
• Authorities target people petitioning the government, civil rights activists, and political dissidents with evictions and forced removals
• People from ethnic minorities
• Tibetan and Uyghur people suffer from poor housing, and find difficulty in booking hotel rooms outside of their areas
• People in economically underdeveloped provinces in the west
• Factory workers
• Some people with low social and economic status live in very rudimentary and temporary houses and are often evicted
• Children who are victims of abuse

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to arbitrary or political arrest and detention by government agents in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• During the White Paper Protests, many people were arrested and detained, and many suffered torture, ill-treatment, and mental breakdown; some people are still missing
• People who express their political opinions, protesters, and members of non-governmental organisations
• Human rights activists, including labour rights activists and human rights lawyers
• People petitioning the government are exposed to abuse by local government or judicial officials as retaliation, such as being falsely accused of offences, and are often arbitrarily arrested, detained, sentenced, or even killed in custody. Petitioners are sentenced to lengthy prison terms, and the degree of repression is constantly getting worse
• Followers of Falun Gong and other unregistered religions
• People from ethnic minorities including Uyghur, Kazakh, Mongolian, and Tibetan people
• People who oppose the Chinese Communist Party and its leader
• House church members
• People who defy the Covid-19 lockdown policies
• Families of victims in some criminal cases are reportedly detained incommunicado

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to disappearance by government agents in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Human rights activists and petitioners
• Political dissidents and protesters
• Government officials, executives of state-owned enterprises and private businesses, and party members accused of misconduct or major corruption scandals
• Uyghur people
• Tibetan people
• Children who are victims of abuse
• Leaders of house churches and underground churches
• Journalists who criticise the authorities
• Anyone deemed to damage the positive image of the leadership
• People from ethnic minorities including Tibetan and Kazakh people
• People who oppose the zero-Covid policy
• People who participate in the White Paper protests
• Followers of unregistered religions

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to death penalty executions by government agents in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Death penalty executions are carried out after unfair trials
• Drug traffickers
• People convicted of murder or gang-related activities
• Protesters
• Tibetan people
• Uyghur people
• Government officials often escape the death penalty when they commit crimes

When asked to provide more context about who was especially vulnerable to extrajudicial execution by government agents in 2022, our respondents mentioned all of the following:

• Killings occur during police operations
• Prisoners die and the government provides no explanation
• Protesters and human rights activists
• Followers of Falun Gong
• Petitioners and protesters during unlawful detention and torture in custody
• Tibetan people
• Uyghur people
• People who are older and unwell are at high risk of early death under the Covid-19 lockdown policies
• Victims of torture often die by suicide